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	<title>Civic Studies &#187; Physics</title>
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	<link>http://civicstudies.org</link>
	<description>An intellectual community of researchers and practitioners dedicated to building the emerging field of civic studies</description>
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		<title>Now We Are All Sons of —</title>
		<link>http://sarahshugars.com/2017/08/now-we-are-all-sons-of/</link>
		<comments>http://sarahshugars.com/2017/08/now-we-are-all-sons-of/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 11 Aug 2017 20:35:40 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Sarah Shugars]]></dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[history]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Physics]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://sarahshugars.com/?p=2220</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[On July 16, 1945,&#160;35 miles southeast of Socorro, New Mexico, the world&#8217;s first nuclear weapon was detonated at&#160;5:29 am. The test was code-named Trinity by&#160;J. Robert Oppenheimer. There is no definitive explanation for why Oppenheimer chose the name, but it is widely believed to be a reference to John Donne&#8217;s&#160;Holy Sonnets: Batter my heart, three-person&#8217;d [&#8230;] <a href="http://sarahshugars.com/2017/08/now-we-are-all-sons-of/">Continue reading <span class="meta-nav">&#8594;</span></a>]]></description>
		<wfw:commentRss>http://civicstudies.org/2017/08/11/now-we-are-all-sons-of/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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		<item>
		<title>Citation Networks</title>
		<link>http://sarahshugars.com/2017/02/citation-networks/</link>
		<comments>http://sarahshugars.com/2017/02/citation-networks/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 24 Feb 2017 22:47:34 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Sarah Shugars]]></dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Physics]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://sarahshugars.com/?p=2095</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[In his seminal work &#8220;Networks of Scientific Papers,&#8221; Derek J. de Solla Price argues the citation networks provide a broad picture which &#8220;tells us something about the papers themselves as well as something about the practice of citation.&#8221; This sentiment is echoed in later works. Franc Mali, Luka Kronegger, Patrick Doreian, and Anuska Ferligoj, for [&#8230;] <a href="http://sarahshugars.com/2017/02/citation-networks/">Continue reading <span class="meta-nav">&#8594;</span></a>]]></description>
		<wfw:commentRss>http://civicstudies.org/2017/02/24/citation-networks/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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		</item>
		<item>
		<title>On Calls for Unity and Disturbing Appointments</title>
		<link>http://sarahshugars.com/2016/11/on-calls-for-unity-and-disturbing-appointments/</link>
		<comments>http://sarahshugars.com/2016/11/on-calls-for-unity-and-disturbing-appointments/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 16 Nov 2016 20:58:16 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Sarah Shugars]]></dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Citizens & Civil Society]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[civic studies]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Justice]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Physics]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://sarahshugars.com/?p=2013</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[In his election night victory speech, Donald Trump took on a more moderate tone, proclaiming:&#160;&#8220;I pledge to every citizen of our land that I will be president for all Americans, and this is so important to me.&#160;For those who have chosen not to support me in the past, of which there were a few people. [&#8230;] <a href="http://sarahshugars.com/2016/11/on-calls-for-unity-and-disturbing-appointments/">Continue reading <span class="meta-nav">&#8594;</span></a>]]></description>
		<wfw:commentRss>http://civicstudies.org/2016/11/16/on-calls-for-unity-and-disturbing-appointments/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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		<item>
		<title>Election Modeling</title>
		<link>http://sarahshugars.com/2016/10/election-modeling/</link>
		<comments>http://sarahshugars.com/2016/10/election-modeling/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 25 Oct 2016 18:14:34 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Sarah Shugars]]></dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Physics]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[politics]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://sarahshugars.com/?p=1990</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[I&#8217;ve been spending a lot of my time working on a class assignment in which we are asked to model the U.S. presidential election. The model is by necessity fairly rudimentary &#8211; I&#8217;m afraid I won&#8217;t be giving Nate Silver a run for his money any time soon &#8211; but it&#8217;s nonetheless been very interesting [&#8230;] <a href="http://sarahshugars.com/2016/10/election-modeling/">Continue reading <span class="meta-nav">&#8594;</span></a>]]></description>
		<wfw:commentRss>http://civicstudies.org/2016/10/25/election-modeling/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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		<item>
		<title>Democratic Distributions</title>
		<link>http://sarahshugars.com/2016/09/democratic-distributions/</link>
		<comments>http://sarahshugars.com/2016/09/democratic-distributions/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 16 Sep 2016 19:34:18 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Sarah Shugars]]></dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Miscellaneous Musings]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Physics]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://sarahshugars.com/?p=1953</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Gaussian, Poisson, and other bell-shaped distributions are some times called &#8220;democratic.&#8221; This colloquial term is intended to indicate an important feature: an average value is a typical value. Compare this to heavy-tailed distributions which follow generally&#160;the so-called 80/20 rule: 80% of your business comes from 20% of your clients, 80% of the wealth is controlled [&#8230;] <a href="http://sarahshugars.com/2016/09/democratic-distributions/">Continue reading <span class="meta-nav">&#8594;</span></a>]]></description>
		<wfw:commentRss>http://civicstudies.org/2016/09/16/democratic-distributions/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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		</item>
		<item>
		<title>Phenomenology and Physics</title>
		<link>http://sarahshugars.com/2016/09/phenomenology-and-physics/</link>
		<comments>http://sarahshugars.com/2016/09/phenomenology-and-physics/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 08 Sep 2016 15:57:10 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Sarah Shugars]]></dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Physics]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://sarahshugars.com/?p=1938</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[The philosophical field known as phenomenology, initiated by Edmund Husserl in the early 20th century, can perhaps most simplistically be described as the charge to describe phenomena; to describe, as the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy explains, the&#160;&#8220;experience of or about some object.&#8221; A core principle of practicing phenomenology is what Husserl called phenomenological reduction or [&#8230;] <a href="http://sarahshugars.com/2016/09/phenomenology-and-physics/">Continue reading <span class="meta-nav">&#8594;</span></a>]]></description>
		<wfw:commentRss>http://civicstudies.org/2016/09/08/phenomenology-and-physics/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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		<item>
		<title>Knowledge and Wonder</title>
		<link>http://sarahshugars.com/2016/07/knowledge-and-wonder/</link>
		<comments>http://sarahshugars.com/2016/07/knowledge-and-wonder/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 21 Jul 2016 15:40:04 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Sarah Shugars]]></dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Miscellaneous Musings]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Physics]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://sarahshugars.com/?p=1908</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[In his autobiography, Life on the Mississippi,&#160;Samuel Clemens &#8211; better known as Mark Twain &#8211; describes his changing relationship with the great river. He grew up along the Mississippi, working as a typesetter and dreaming of some day becoming a steamboat pilot. In fact, his chosen pen name, &#8220;Mark Twain&#8221; is a steamboat cry, indicating [&#8230;] <a href="http://sarahshugars.com/2016/07/knowledge-and-wonder/">Continue reading <span class="meta-nav">&#8594;</span></a>]]></description>
		<wfw:commentRss>http://civicstudies.org/2016/07/21/knowledge-and-wonder/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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		<item>
		<title>Adventures in Network Science</title>
		<link>http://sarahshugars.com/2016/06/adventures-in-network-science/</link>
		<comments>http://sarahshugars.com/2016/06/adventures-in-network-science/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 16 Jun 2016 16:40:09 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Sarah Shugars]]></dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[civic studies]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Network Analysis]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Physics]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://sarahshugars.com/?p=1856</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Every time someone asks me how school is going, I have the tendency to reply with an enthusiastic but nondescript, &#8220;AWESOME!&#8221; Or, as one of my classmates has taken to saying, &#8220;WHAT A TIME TO BE ALIVE!&#8221; Truly, it is a privilege to be able to experience such awe. As it turns out, however, these [&#8230;] <a href="http://sarahshugars.com/2016/06/adventures-in-network-science/">Continue reading <span class="meta-nav">&#8594;</span></a>]]></description>
		<wfw:commentRss>http://civicstudies.org/2016/06/16/adventures-in-network-science/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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		<item>
		<title>Expertise</title>
		<link>http://sarahshugars.com/2016/04/expertise/</link>
		<comments>http://sarahshugars.com/2016/04/expertise/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 21 Apr 2016 22:47:28 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Sarah Shugars]]></dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Citizens & Civil Society]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Physics]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://sarahshugars.com/?p=1770</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[A common theme in community work is questioning what it means to be an expert.&#160; Given the complex and technical issues our communities face, it seems reasonable, perhaps, to rely on the knowledge of experts. After all, there&#8217;s a reason why people undertake years of schooling to become urban planners, architects, or other types of [&#8230;] <a href="http://sarahshugars.com/2016/04/expertise/">Continue reading <span class="meta-nav">&#8594;</span></a>]]></description>
		<wfw:commentRss>http://civicstudies.org/2016/04/21/expertise/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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		<title>Fitness Landscapes and Probability Distributions</title>
		<link>http://sarahshugars.com/2016/04/fitness-landscapes-and-probability-distributions/</link>
		<comments>http://sarahshugars.com/2016/04/fitness-landscapes-and-probability-distributions/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 15 Apr 2016 19:41:05 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Sarah Shugars]]></dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Miscellaneous Musings]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Physics]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://sarahshugars.com/?p=1764</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Imagine trying to solve a problem of unknown complexity.&#160;You have to start somewhere, so you try a solution more or less at random. If you&#8217;re lucky, you know enough about the situation to start with an educated guess. Regardless of how successful &#8211; or unsuccessful &#8211; your attempt was, you learn something about the best [&#8230;] <a href="http://sarahshugars.com/2016/04/fitness-landscapes-and-probability-distributions/">Continue reading <span class="meta-nav">&#8594;</span></a>]]></description>
		<wfw:commentRss>http://civicstudies.org/2016/04/15/fitness-landscapes-and-probability-distributions/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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