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	<title>Civic Studies &#187; civic studies</title>
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	<link>http://civicstudies.org</link>
	<description>An intellectual community of researchers and practitioners dedicated to building the emerging field of civic studies</description>
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		<title>Reflecting on Service</title>
		<link>http://sarahshugars.com/2018/06/reflecting-on-service/</link>
		<comments>http://sarahshugars.com/2018/06/reflecting-on-service/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 13 Jun 2018 14:54:09 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Sarah Shugars]]></dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[civic studies]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://sarahshugars.com/?p=2302</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[I was very honored to receive Northeastern&#8217;s Outstanding Graduate Student Award in the area of community service. As part of that award, I was asked to write a statement of my personal philosophy regarding service. To be honest, I found the prompt challenging as I don&#8217;t really consider most of my efforts &#8220;service&#8221; in the [&#8230;] <a href="http://sarahshugars.com/2018/06/reflecting-on-service/">Continue reading <span class="meta-nav">&#8594;</span></a>]]></description>
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		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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		<title>Polarization, heuristics, and the 24 hour news cycle</title>
		<link>http://sarahshugars.com/2017/10/polarization-heuristics-and-the-24-hour-news-cycle/</link>
		<comments>http://sarahshugars.com/2017/10/polarization-heuristics-and-the-24-hour-news-cycle/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 31 Oct 2017 16:33:12 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Sarah Shugars]]></dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[civic studies]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[politics]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://sarahshugars.com/?p=2294</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Skeptics of the democratic ideal of self governance often point to the almost laughable impracticality of the vision. People are simply bad at being knowledgeable and making well-informed judgements. Notably, this concern needn&#8217;t inherently be a slight. While the most elitist of skeptics will judgmentally decry the dreadful specter of &#8220;the masses&#8221; for perceived failings [&#8230;] <a href="http://sarahshugars.com/2017/10/polarization-heuristics-and-the-24-hour-news-cycle/">Continue reading <span class="meta-nav">&#8594;</span></a>]]></description>
		<wfw:commentRss>http://civicstudies.org/2017/10/31/polarization-heuristics-and-the-24-hour-news-cycle/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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		<item>
		<title>Social and Algorithmic Bias</title>
		<link>http://sarahshugars.com/2017/09/social-and-algorithmic-bias/</link>
		<comments>http://sarahshugars.com/2017/09/social-and-algorithmic-bias/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 12 Sep 2017 21:10:10 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Sarah Shugars]]></dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[civic studies]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Computer Science]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://sarahshugars.com/?p=2244</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[A commonly lamented problem in machine learning is that algorithms are biased. This bias can come from different sources and be expressed in different ways, sometimes benignly and sometimes dramatically. I don&#8217;t disagree that there is bias in these algorithms, but I&#8217;m inclined to argue that in some senses, this is a feature rather than [&#8230;] <a href="http://sarahshugars.com/2017/09/social-and-algorithmic-bias/">Continue reading <span class="meta-nav">&#8594;</span></a>]]></description>
		<wfw:commentRss>http://civicstudies.org/2017/09/12/social-and-algorithmic-bias/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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		<title>Opinion Change</title>
		<link>http://sarahshugars.com/2017/09/opinion-change/</link>
		<comments>http://sarahshugars.com/2017/09/opinion-change/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 08 Sep 2017 19:56:30 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Sarah Shugars]]></dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[civic studies]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://sarahshugars.com/?p=2240</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[While there are differing views on whether or not a person&#8217;s opinions are likely to change, there&#8217;s a general sense of &#8220;opinion change&#8221; as some clear and discrete thing: one moment I think X, and the next moment I think Y&#8230;or perhaps, more conservatively, not X. Coming to opinion change from a deliberation background, I&#8217;m [&#8230;] <a href="http://sarahshugars.com/2017/09/opinion-change/">Continue reading <span class="meta-nav">&#8594;</span></a>]]></description>
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		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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		<title>Adversary Democracy</title>
		<link>http://sarahshugars.com/2017/08/adversary-democracy/</link>
		<comments>http://sarahshugars.com/2017/08/adversary-democracy/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 17 Aug 2017 22:04:21 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Sarah Shugars]]></dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[civic studies]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[politics]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://sarahshugars.com/?p=2230</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[There&#8217;s a long tradition in computer science, largely originating from cryptography, of designing with a generic adversary in mind. Code should be able to handle the mistaken input of a thoughtless user and should remain robust in worse-case scenarios. The motivation for this approach is simple: programming for ideal users and ideal cases will quickly [&#8230;] <a href="http://sarahshugars.com/2017/08/adversary-democracy/">Continue reading <span class="meta-nav">&#8594;</span></a>]]></description>
		<wfw:commentRss>http://civicstudies.org/2017/08/17/adversary-democracy/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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		<item>
		<title>Is Dialogue Enough?</title>
		<link>http://sarahshugars.com/2017/08/is-dialogue-enough/</link>
		<comments>http://sarahshugars.com/2017/08/is-dialogue-enough/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 15 Aug 2017 20:42:37 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Sarah Shugars]]></dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[civic studies]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Justice]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://sarahshugars.com/?p=2226</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[There&#8217;s a certain narrative about deliberative democrats which paints them as hopeless idealists. John Dewey is perhaps the quintessential example of this &#8211; he writes passionately about the &#8220;great community,&#8221; and was steadfast in his belief that humanity could and would achieve this sublime state. While broadly agreeing with critics such as Lippmann as to [&#8230;] <a href="http://sarahshugars.com/2017/08/is-dialogue-enough/">Continue reading <span class="meta-nav">&#8594;</span></a>]]></description>
		<wfw:commentRss>http://civicstudies.org/2017/08/15/is-dialogue-enough/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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		<item>
		<title>On Hate and Love</title>
		<link>http://sarahshugars.com/2017/08/on-hate-and-love/</link>
		<comments>http://sarahshugars.com/2017/08/on-hate-and-love/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 14 Aug 2017 17:24:54 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Sarah Shugars]]></dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[civic studies]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Justice]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://sarahshugars.com/?p=2223</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[It has been a difficult few days. Following the violent white supremacist&#160;rally which took place this weekend, I am angry, heartbroken, ashamed, unsurprised, and resolutely full of an overwhelming sense of love. There is too much hate in this world; I choose love. To be clear, love is not a passive emotion. It is not [&#8230;] <a href="http://sarahshugars.com/2017/08/on-hate-and-love/">Continue reading <span class="meta-nav">&#8594;</span></a>]]></description>
		<wfw:commentRss>http://civicstudies.org/2017/08/14/on-hate-and-love/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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		<item>
		<title>Facts/Values/Strategies Conference</title>
		<link>http://sarahshugars.com/2017/05/factsvaluesstrategies-conference/</link>
		<comments>http://sarahshugars.com/2017/05/factsvaluesstrategies-conference/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 17 May 2017 17:52:46 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Sarah Shugars]]></dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[civic studies]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://sarahshugars.com/?p=2173</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[I will offline tomorrow, attending the Facts/Values/Strategies mini-conference co-hosted by&#160;Tufts&#8217; University&#8217;s Tisch College of Civic Life and&#160;The Good Society,&#160;the journal of civic studies for which I serve as an editor. In preparation for this conference, I&#8217;ve been reading the conference papers &#8211; which each seek to integrate facts, values, and strategies in conceiving of citizen&#8217;s [&#8230;] <a href="http://sarahshugars.com/2017/05/factsvaluesstrategies-conference/">Continue reading <span class="meta-nav">&#8594;</span></a>]]></description>
		<wfw:commentRss>http://civicstudies.org/2017/05/17/factsvaluesstrategies-conference/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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		<item>
		<title>Re-Learning to be Human</title>
		<link>http://sarahshugars.com/2017/05/re-learning-to-be-human/</link>
		<comments>http://sarahshugars.com/2017/05/re-learning-to-be-human/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 08 May 2017 18:19:04 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Sarah Shugars]]></dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[civic studies]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Miscellaneous Musings]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://sarahshugars.com/?p=2163</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[I&#8217;m returning from a two-week blogging hiatus &#8211; the first of several I will be taking over the summer months. This break was prompted by the madness of finals week: when my blogging devolves into posting snippets of homework assignments, it feels appropriate to take some time off. And then &#160;I decided to take the [&#8230;] <a href="http://sarahshugars.com/2017/05/re-learning-to-be-human/">Continue reading <span class="meta-nav">&#8594;</span></a>]]></description>
		<wfw:commentRss>http://civicstudies.org/2017/05/08/re-learning-to-be-human/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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		<item>
		<title>Computational Models of Cultural Systems</title>
		<link>http://sarahshugars.com/2017/04/computational-models-of-cultural-systems/</link>
		<comments>http://sarahshugars.com/2017/04/computational-models-of-cultural-systems/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 18 Apr 2017 21:02:09 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Sarah Shugars]]></dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[civic studies]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Computer Science]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Network Analysis]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://sarahshugars.com/?p=2153</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Computational approaches to studying the broader social context can be found in work on the emergence and diffusion of communities in cultural system. Spicer makes an anthropological appeal for the study of such systems, arguing that cultural change can only be properly considered in relation to more stable elements of culture. These persistent cultural elements, [&#8230;] <a href="http://sarahshugars.com/2017/04/computational-models-of-cultural-systems/">Continue reading <span class="meta-nav">&#8594;</span></a>]]></description>
		<wfw:commentRss>http://civicstudies.org/2017/04/18/computational-models-of-cultural-systems/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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